Sugar makes cancer tumours more aggressive: study

Scientists have found that sugar awakens cancer cells and makes tumours more aggressive, according to a nine-year long research that is being hailed as a crucial breakthrough in cancer research.

The research project conducted by Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven) and Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) in Belgium clarified how the Warburg effect, a phenomenon in which cancer cells rapidly break down sugars, stimulates tumour growth.

The discovery provides evidence for a positive correlation between sugar and cancer, which may have far- reaching impacts on tailor-made diets for cancer patients.

The projects focus was the Warburg effect, or the observation that tumours convert significantly higher amounts of sugar into lactate compared to healthy tissues.

As one of the most prominent features of cancer cells, this phenomenon has been extensively studied and even used to detect brain tumours, among other applications.

But so far, it has been unclear whether the effect is merely a symptom of cancer, or a cause.

While earlier research into cancer cell metabolism focused on mapping out metabolic peculiarities, this study - published in the journal Nature Communications - clarifies the link between metabolic deviation and oncogenic potency in cancerous cells.

"Our research reveals how the hyperactive sugar consumption of cancerous cells leads to a vicious cycle of continued stimulation of cancer development and growth," said Johan Thevelein from VIB-KU Leuven.

"Thus, it is able to explain the correlation between the strength of the Warburg effect and tumour aggressiveness. This link between sugar and cancer has sweeping consequences," said Thevelein.

"Our results provide a foundation for future research in this domain, which can now be performed with a much more precise and relevant focus," he said.

Yeast cell research was essential to the discovery, as these cells contain the same Ras proteins commonly found in tumour cells, which can cause cancer in mutated form.

Using yeast as a model organism, researchers examined the connection between Ras activity and the highly active sugar metabolism in yeast.

"The main advantage of using yeast was that our research was not affected by the additional regulatory mechanisms of mammalian cells, which conceal crucial underlying processes," said Thevelein.

"We were thus able to target this process in yeast cells and confirm its presence in mammalian cells," he said.