A new way to understand odours

Washington: Sniff sniff, what's that smell?

Every smell, from a flower to a perfume to a stale fish, is composed of a mixture of odorant molecules that bind to protein receptors inside your nose.

Scientists, however, have struggled to understand exactly what makes each combination of odorant molecules smell the way it does or predict from its structure whether a molecule is pleasant, noxious or has no smell at all.

Now, scientists from the Salk Institute and Arizona State University have discovered a new way to organize odor molecules based on how often they occur together in nature, which is the setting in which our sense of smell evolved.

They were then able to map this data to discover regions of odor combinations humans find most pleasurable. The findings, published on August 29 in the journal Science Advances, open new avenues for engineering smells and tastes.

Lead author Tatyana Sharpee said, "We can arrange sound by high frequency and low frequency; vision by a spectrum of wavelengths and colors. But when it comes to olfaction, it's been an unsolved problem whether there is a way to organize odors."

Previously, scientists had tried to classify odorant molecules strictly based on their chemical structures. "But it turns out molecules with structures that look very similar can smell very different," says Sharpee.

Using existing data on the odorant molecules found in different samples of strawberries, tomatoes, blueberries and mouse urine, they used statistical methods to put odorant molecules on a map based on how frequently they occurred together in the four sets of samples.

Scientists found that odor molecules could similarly be mapped onto a curved surface in three dimensions. But instead of a sphere, like Earth, it turned out to be the shape of a Pringles potato chip--shape mathematicians call a hyperboloid.

When the team looked at how the molecules clustered on this surface, they found there were pleasant and unpleasant directions, as well as directions that correlated with acidity or how easily odors evaporate from surfaces. These observations now make it easier to construct pleasant odor mixtures to use, for example, in artificial environments (such as a space station).

Behavioral neuroscientist Brian Smith said, "By revealing more about how odorant molecules and the brain interact, this work may also have implications for understanding why people with some diseases--like Parkinson's--lose their sense of smell."

The full findings are present in the journal- Science Advances.