Privacy could become the next victim of the coronavirus as governments step up mass surveillance

Washington: Digital surveillance and smartphone technology may prove helpful in containing the coronavirus pandemic—but some activists fear this could mean lasting harm to privacy and digital rights.

Hong Kong ordered people arriving from overseas to wear tracking bracelets, and Singapore has a team of dedicated digital detectives monitoring those living under quarantine.

Israel’s security agency Shin Bet has begun using advanced technology and telecom data to track civilians.

In perhaps the strictest move, China gave people smartphone codes displayed in green, yellow, and red, determining where citizens can and cannot go.

China is also among the countries enhancing censorship about the crisis, human rights watchdog Freedom House said, while others are blocking websites or shutting off internet access.

“We have observed a number of concerning signs that authoritarian regimes are using COVID-19 as a pretext to suppress independent speech, increase surveillance, and otherwise restrict fundamental rights, going beyond what is justified by public health needs,” said Michael Abramowitz, president of the group.

‘Normalised’ surveillance

Some activists cite the precedent of the September 11, 2001 attacks, which opened up the door to more invasive surveillance in the name of national security.

“There is a risk these tools will become normalised and continue even after the pandemic slows,” said Darrell West, who heads the Brookings Institution’s Center for Technology Innovation.

Ryan Calo, a University of Washington researcher affiliated with Stanford’s Center for Internet and Society, says, “The problem with implementing surveillance in an emergency is that it might acclimate people to that.”

It is a difficult trade-off, Calo said, noting that even the awareness of being tracked or monitored has an impact on people’s feelings of privacy and personal security.

An app for that

Since the pandemic began several apps have been using location tracking to trace the route of the outbreak.

One from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology researchers determines if people have “crossed paths” with an infected person—although it would only work if it—for lack of a better term—goes viral.

Cornell University researchers developed another app allowing users to anonymously share their locations and COVID-19 status to receive alerts about other nearby cases.

New York-based technology firm Unacast created a “social distancing scorecard” which uses smartphone locations to determine the extent of respect for recommendations for people to maintain safe distances.

“It can be helpful to know if people are practicing social distancing. That can provide actionable information,” Calo said.

But he maintained that crowdsourced data on infections is likely to be “riddled with inaccuracies” and could give people a false sense of security.

A group of university researchers has developed a preliminary version of an app designed to allow people to share data on location and infections using smartphones’ Bluetooth technology without compromising personal privacy. Singapore already uses such a technology with its app named TraceTogether.

“We designed it so that if a person comes down with COVID there’s a way to send an alert (to those in proximity) without identifying who that person is,” said Tina White, a Stanford graduate student and co-founder of the Covid-watch app.

White said she and other researchers came up with the notion as an alternative to “authoritarian” measures being adopted in some parts of the world.

She acknowledged the app would only be as useful as the number of people using it—but said the technology is being made available freely, and suggested that "Android and Apple could use this an option in a system update" to ensure wide adoption.