Robert Louis Stevenson, the great writer, spent the summer of 1880 in California, recuperating from an illness, and it was a time spent writing and reflecting on the New World and its ways. His stay in Mount St. Helena overlooking Napa Valley, America’s famed vineyard country, is recorded in delightful vignettes of everyday life of those parts in The Silverado Squatters.
An observation made then cannot but impress a traveller to the United States in our own times, nearly 150 years on.
It tells us something about what’s made America world leader by far in most things that matter — even when we quite rightly criticise the US’ serious misdeeds in relation to other peoples — for close to 100 years.
Says the Scottish novelist, “But it was an odd thing that here, on what we are accustomed to consider the very skirts of civilisation, I should have used the telephone for the first time in my civilised career. So it goes in these young countries; telephones and telegraphs, and newspapers, and advertisements running far ahead among the Indians and the grizzly bears.”
Mind, this was still the era of stage-coaches, with Stevenson making the appropriate surmise that the “cultus of stage-coachman always flourishes highest where there are thieves on the road, and where the guard travels armed.”
It is just as well to note on America’s Independence Day today that while crime related to greed and race, psycho-crime, and poverty-related petty crime, still find fertile ground in the US, arguably the richest society in the world on any composite index (rather than a PPP-type measure), what truly stands out is the scale of infrastructure that began to be built in this massive way in this massive country — about three times India’s size — from about the time Stevenson paid his visit.
It is not just the building of the roads, the railroad (train system), Stevenson’s “telephones and telegraph”, and massive ports and airports, from the very beginning, but also over this long period their more or less immaculate maintenance that commands attention.
But for the truly impressive infrastructure, it is arguable if there would be such wealth and wealth accumulation, the building of national armed might whose political impact is felt around the globe, indeed the building of internal democracy itself although after protracted struggles of ordinary folk, the advancement of science consciously undertaken, the fabrication of an ecosystem of knowledge-creation and innovation, and the concomitant flowering of technology of every conceivable type.
Some aspects of these are visible in countries of Europe too, or in Japan or Singapore or Hong Kong. But let’s not fool ourselves.
These are Lilliputian in relation to the US in size, and way smaller in population numbers. Comparisons must be made between likes, not a caricature of likes. As for China, for all its pretensions, it is still a developing country.
Precisely because America is so far ahead of other countries, its inner contradictions are visible, jarring, and puzzling.
In the course of a recent visit spread over several weeks, this writer saw many people who live in mobile homes in parking lots by the side of state and national highways. They can’t build or rent regular homes. They have no money.
Why so That’s a deeply troubling question. There cannot, after all, be a shortage of land in this huge country. But, why do they have no money Are they unwilling to work Or, does work not pay enough Or is work not to be had Or, is it just that capitalism has gone berserk
Perhaps all of this is somewhere true. An elderly passenger on the seat next to mine in a bus ride to Detroit, obviously a man with university education, said, “There is so much anger in this country — anger about everything, mostly how people are treated.”
He was not a Trump-ite, more a Democrat who had begun to doubt even the Democratic contenders for nomination for the presidential race this November. But it is evident from what one sees, hears and reads in America that Donald Trump is trying to cash in on an obvious sense of anger, frustration and mistrust of the establishment.
Some figures show why people might be resentful. While it seven years since the official end of the “Great Recession”, according to a 2015 Gallup poll, 48 per cent of Americans self-identified themselves as “lower class” in that year. In 2008, this figure was 35 per cent. The same survey says that those self-identifying as “upper middle to middle class” fell from 63 per cent to 51 between 2008 and 2015.
It also appears that for the past decade or so, the current generation of Americans may only expect to be worse off financially and status-wise than their parents. This is reversal of a long-standing trend and denotes being pushed down the class ladder.
Today, for instance, 62 per cent in the US may expect to have less than $1,000 handy and not much by way of assets, causing lifestyles to be precarious. In 2015, numbers of Americans moving across state lines fell to a low not seen since 1947 on account of inability to bear relocation costs. According to the Economic Innovation Group, more than 50 per cent Americans live in “distressed communities”.
Warren Buffet has famously said, “There’s a class warfare all right, but it’s my class, the rich class, that’s making war, and we are winning.” The data shows income inequality has risen sharply, doubling since about 1985.
The top one per cent hold over 20 per cent of the nation’s income, and the rise in incomes of the top 0.1 per cent is almost entirely matched by the fall of income of the bottom 90 per cent of America.
The syndrome of “Robin Hood in reverse” has been achieved in part by reducing the marginal top tax rates since the 1960s from 90 per cent to 30 per cent.
Internal democracy does look to be fraying in the land of the free. To what degree this would influence America’s international profile and its ability to deal with serious world developments is to be considered.
