Women stay physically fit at middle age are nearly 90 per cent less likely to develop dementia decades later, a study has found.
When the highly fit women did develop dementia, they developed the disease an average of 11 years later than women who were moderately fit, or at age 90 instead of age 79, researchers said.
"These findings are exciting because it's possible that improving people's cardiovascular fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia," said Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden.
However, more research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important, said Horder.
For the study published in the journal Neurology, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their peak cardiovascular capacity.
The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts. A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level, or 120 watts or higher.
A total of 92 women were in the medium fitness category; and 59 women were in the low fitness category, defined as a peak workload of 80 watts or less, or having their exercise tests stopped because of high blood pressure, chest pain or other cardiovascular problems.
Over the next 44 years, the women were tested for dementia six times. During that time, 44 of the women developed dementia.
Five per cent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 per cent of moderately fit women and 32 percent of the women with low fitness.
The highly fit women were 88 per cent less likely to develop dementia than the moderately fit women.
Among the women who had to stop the exercise test due to problems, 45 per cent developed dementia decades later.
"This indicates that negative cardiovascular processes may be happening in midlife that could increase the risk of dementia much later in life," Horder said.
Limitations of the study include the relatively small number of women involved, all of whom were from Sweden, so the results may not be applicable to other populations, Horder said.
Also, the women's fitness level was measured only once, so any changes in fitness over time were not captured.
