Giving students access to an electronic device, such as a phone or tablet, for non-academic purposes during lectures may lower their performance in exams, a study has found.
The research, published in the journal Educational Psychology, found that students who don't use such devices themselves but attend lectures where their use is permitted also do worse, suggesting that phone use damages the group learning environment.
Researchers from Rutgers University in the US performed an in-class experiment to test whether dividing attention between electronic devices and the lecturer during the class affected students' performance in within-lecture tests and an end-of-term exam.
As many as 118 cognitive psychology students at Rutgers University participated in the experiment during one term of their course.
Laptops, phones and tablets were banned in half of the lectures and permitted in the other half. When devices were allowed, students were asked to record whether they had used them for non-academic purposes during the lecture.
The study found that having a device didn't lower students' scores in comprehension tests within lectures, but it did lower scores in the end-of-term exam by at least five per cent, or half a grade.
This finding shows for the first time that the main effect of divided attention in the classroom is on long-term retention, with fewer targets of a study task later remembered.
In addition, when the use of electronic devices was allowed in class, performance was also poorer for students who did not use devices as well as for those who did.
"These findings should alert the many dedicated students and instructors that dividing attention is having an insidious effect that is impairing their exam performance and final grade," said Professor Arnold Glass from Rutgers University.
"To help manage the use of devices in the classroom, teachers should explain to students the damaging effect of distractions on retention - not only for themselves, but for the whole class," said Glass.
This is the first-ever study in an actual classroom showing a causal relationship between distraction from an electronic device and subsequent exam performance, researchers said.
